Reinert Vikjord Skumsnes

• Skumsnes, Reinert Vikjord (2020). Patterns of change and disclosures of difference: the feminine element as medium of transformation in New Kingdom tomb representations, In Ingvar B. Mæhle; Per Bjarne Ravnå & Eivind Heldaas Seland (ed.),  Methods and models in ancient history. Essays in honor of Jørgen Christian Meyer.  Norwegian Institute at Athens.  ISBN 9786188490307.  7.  s 111 - 127 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv. Vis sammendrag

  This article addresses the change in reference to ‘his wife’ from Hmt.f to snt.f and argues that this change was a consequence of larger ideological developments within the solar-Osirian cycle of life. The article also examines how it is possible to get a more nuanced picture of egyptian thinking with regard to women and transformation by analysing the representation of women in tomb paintings with a view both to the representation of the relationship between men and women in the paintings and to the relationship between the representations and their surroundings. By way of detailed analysis of four scenes — two from the tomb of Rekhmire (TT100) and two from the tomb of Ramose (TT55) — the article questions the argument that creation and rebirth was a male prerogative in ancient egypt, and instead points out that the potential life-giving force was not thought possible or sustainable without the manifestation and indeed participation of both the masculine and feminine elements. Furthermore, there was no single, all-inclusive strategy for reaching the afterlife: in addition to offerings of food and drink, the traditional husband-wife dualism and interaction with the gods, strong symbolism is also found in father-son, father-daughter, mother-son and mother-daughter relationships.

• Skumsnes, Reinert Vikjord (2019). Kvindesymbolik i thebanske privatgrave. Papyrus Tidsskrift for Dansk Ægyptologisk Selskab.  ISSN 0903-4714.  39(1), s 24- 31
• Skumsnes, Reinert (2015). Frå sorg til fest : musikk og ritual i det gamle Egypt. Arr - Idéhistorisk tidsskrift.  ISSN 0802-7005.  27(1), s 51- 61 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Skumsnes, Reinert & Bettum, Anders (2015). Solas rike - ikkje berre palass og tempel. Nicolay: Arkeologisk tidsskrift.  ISSN 0332-8937.  127, s 17- 39 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Skumsnes, Reinert (2014). Familien i det gamle Egypt. Arr - Idéhistorisk tidsskrift.  ISSN 0802-7005.  (2), s 3- 11 Fulltekst i vitenarkiv.
• Skumsnes, Reinert (2013). Kongelige kvinner og kongemakt under Det gamle riket. Ostrakon.  ISSN 1893-5303.  5-6, s 13- 28
• Skumsnes, Reinert (2011). Adopsjon, arv og testamente i Deir el-Medina. Ostrakon.  ISSN 1893-5303.  3, s 25- 31
• Skumsnes, Reinert (2010). Kjønnsroller i det gamle Egypt. Fortid.  ISSN 1504-1913.  1, s 75- 79

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• Holter, Øystein Gullvåg & Skumsnes, Reinert Vikjord (red.) (2020). Holter, Øystein Gullvåg 2020: Generasjonsskiftet i kjønnsforskningen fortsetter med Øystein Gullvåg Holter som nyslått emeritus (intervju ved Reinert Skumsnes). STK/UiO 25.3.20. Jfr https://www.stk.uio.no/forskning/aktuelt/aktuelle-saker/2020/oystein-gullvag-holter-er-blitt-professor-emeritus.html.
• Skumsnes, Reinert Vikjord (2018). Patterns of change and disclosures of difference. Family and gender in New Kingdom Egypt: titles of non-royal women. Vis sammendrag

  The overall aim of this thesis is to explore the monumental remains and the non-literary ostraca and papyri as different layers of situated material-discursive practices. I approach the records seeking both patterns of change and disclosures of difference, while trying to make sense of what often comes down to us as contradictory information about family and gender in New Kingdom Egypt. Women become more visible in the records, in particular from the 18th to the 19th Dynasty, and I interpret this as a sign of increased recognition of women within the Egyptian society. I argue that the change in reference to ‘his wife’ from hmt.f to snt.f in the monumental remains imply that the wife became increasingly recognised as ‘his sister’, alter ego and co-occupant of his tomb. Also, the increasing popularity of titles such as ‘woman of the city’ and ‘musician of Amen’ imply a change in focus from the domestic sphere to city and temple. I also argue that any general claim about the relative position of men and women within society will fail to describe what was reality. Definitions of gender must be understood as disclosures, which are dependent on a number of factors, such as the genre, context and purpose of the specific record. In general, the monumental remains give a hyper-gendered account, while the non-literary ostraca and papyri are more ephemeral and less gender focused. Class and status stand out as equal, if not more important than, gender. This thesis demonstrates that family was not only about biology, or being next of kin, but was more importantly about who actually acted as family. I claim that reciprocity and mutual dependency, through the correlation of support, burial and inheritance, was the very glue that tied families together. I call this family contracts, and through these contracts individuals negotiated their position in society through their relations/encounters with others, both living and dead.

• Skumsnes, Reinert (2014). Det gamle Egypt vaknar til liv. Aftenposten Vitenskap.  ISSN 2464-3033.
• Skumsnes, Reinert (2014). Myta om det gamle Egypt. Aftenposten Vitenskap.  ISSN 2464-3033. . doi: http://www.aftenposten.no/viten/Myta-om-det-gamle-Egypt-7833325.html
• Skumsnes, Reinert (2010). Kleopatra - dronning over alle kongar. Levende Historie.  ISSN 1503-4208.  3, s 20- 29
• Skumsnes, Reinert (2009). Kvinner i det gamle Egypt: Ein komparativ studie.

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