Thomas Michael Walle

• Walle, Thomas Michael (2023). Folkemuseum: Mangfoldsarbeidets slagmark eller sted for kritisk tenkning? I Nielsen, Sigurd Solhaug & Skrefsrud, Thor Andre (Red.), Folkemuseene i mangfoldige samfunn – publikums erfaringer av forskjellighet og tilhørighet. Oplandske Bokforlag. ISSN 9788275182843. s. 297–321. doi: https:/oa.oplandskebokforlag.no/katalog/folkemuseene-mangfoldige-samfunn. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  I dette kapittelet undersøkes folkemuseenes rolle i arbeidet med å fremme kulturelt mangfold og inkludering. Ideen om at nasjonsbyggingsprosessen, som var sentral i etableringsperioden for mange lokale folkemuseer, kan sees som en overføring av makt til lokalsamfunn og kulturarvsutøvere utfordres. Tvert om argumenteres det i kapittelet for at nasjonsbyggingsprosessen primært tjente de nasjonale ledernes behov. Problematiseringen av folkemuseer og lokal folkekultur i arbeidet med å fremme kulturelt mangfold, tenderer derfor feilaktig til å tingliggjøre problemet med ekskludering gjennom kulturarvsobjekter, heller enn å fokusere på maktprosesser. Gjennom nasjonsbyggingsprosessen ble eierskapet til lokal kulturarv overført til det nasjonale nivået, og gjennom å avvise slike objekter som nasjonalistiske i dag, risikerer mangfoldsarbeidere selv å ta del i undertrykkende praksiser. Kritisk pedagogikk foreslås som et verktøy for mangfoldsarbeidere i museene til å reflektere kritisk over egne privilegier og makt, og som en vei videre for folkemuseene i arbeidet med å fremme mangfold og kritisk tenkning.

• Walle, Thomas Michael (2018). Museale inkluderingsstratgier. I Maliniemi, Kaisa & Walle, Thomas Michael (Red.), Et inkluderende museum. Kulturelt mangfold i praksis. Museumsforlaget AS. ISSN 9788283050394. s. 107–127. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Walle, Thomas Michael (2018). From the Margins to the Pitch: Cricket, Migration and Social Resources. I Hassan, David & Acton, Ciaran (Red.), Sport and Contested Identities: Contemporary Issues and Debates. Routledge. ISSN 9781138696686. s. 174–190. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Fletcher, Thomas & Walle, Thomas Michael (2015). Negotiating their right to play: Asian-specific cricket teams and leagues in the UK and Norway. Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power. ISSN 1070-289X. 22(2), s. 230–246. doi: 10.1080/1070289X.2014.901913. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The cultural significance of ‘ethnic-specific’ cricket teams and leagues has received limited scholarly attention, despite increasing evidence of their various social functions. This article aims to contribute to this under-researched area by drawing upon two individual case studies of Pakistani Muslim cricket teams; the first is based in the UK and the second in Norway. In this article we argue that leisure and sport are key spaces for the delineation of social identities and hierarchies. We identify how cricket represents a significant social network within both the British and Norwegian Pakistani communities. In particular, we articulate the role of cricket in establishing and maintaining friendships and relationships, bolstering a sense of belonging, initiating diasporic sentiments, as well as being significant in the development of social capital, and resisting institutionalised white privilege.

• Walle, Thomas Michael (2014). Masculinities Beyond Otherness: Cricket, Gender and Ethnicity in Oslo, Norway. I Nauright, John; Cobley, Alan G. & Wiggins, David (Red.), Beyond C. L. R. James. Shifting Boundaries of Race and Ethnicity in Sport. The University of Arkansas Press. ISSN 9781557286499. s. 211–238. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Walle, Thomas Michael (2013). Participation and othering in documenting the present. Berliner Blätter. ISSN 1434-0542. s. 83–94. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Walle, Thomas Michael (2013). Cricket as ‘utopian homeland’ in the Pakistani diasporic imagination. South Asian Popular Culture. ISSN 1474-6689. 11(3), s. 301–312. doi: 10.1080/14746689.2013.820483. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  For many people in South Asian diasporas, cricket is an important component in processes of identification and sense of belonging. It is argued in this article that when a diasporic population engages in Pakistani cricket, it does not necessitate identification with the concerns of the current Pakistani nation state. Rather, cricket fandom in the diaspora celebrates a dream about what Pakistan could have been. This dream is important for the way people see themselves as Pakistanis in a multi-ethnic society and a globalised world, and thus also constitutes a place to interpret their experience of their diasporic contexts. It is suggested that the production of meaning in spectacular events, like a cricket match, is as much with the peripheral audience as with the central performers. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork in Norway, it is argued that the same cricket event may mean very different things, depending on the context of viewing and the location of the participants.

• Walle, Thomas Michael (2010). Goat Cheese and Mangoes: Negotiating Belonging and National Pride through Food. I Lysaght, Patricia & Skjelbred, Ann Helene Bolstad (Red.), Food and meals at cultural crossroads. Novus Forlag. ISSN 9788270995714. s. 24–34. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Walle, Thomas Michael (2007). Making Places of Intimacy—Ethnicity, Friendship, and Masculinities in Oslo. NORA - Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research. ISSN 0803-8740. 15(2-3), s. 144–157. doi: 10.1080/08038740701526121. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Through transnational migration, practices of gender, intimacy, and sexuality “travel” with people, get incorporated into new social and cultural contexts, and are negotiated and transformed in the encounter with other such practices. The discussion here will focus on the fluid boundaries between male–male emotional and physical intimacy, male–male sexual practice, and homosexual imagery, as they are culturally understood in Pakistan and incorporated into a minority context in Norway by migrants from Pakistan. While homosexuality in Norway is gradually gaining public and political support, it is regarded as unacceptable by Muslim authorities in the country, thus making the issue of homosexuality a vital marker separating the majority population from the Muslim minority. Against this scenario, which is much debated among politicians, activists and various spokespersons from the ethnic and religious communities, practices of friendship and intimacy among Pakistani men in Norway take place. The significance given to the heterosexual–homosexual divide, however, creates a more vulnerable situation for practices of intimacy among men that are not necessarily judged against the homosexual imagery in Pakistan. By using the concept of unmanliness, it is shown how the boundaries of manliness are differently positioned within dominant Norwegian and Pakistani masculinities respectively. This can cause tension on an individual level, as well as on a group level. Therefore, Pakistani men in Norway must create particular places of intimacy, within which culturally specific practices of gender, sexuality, and intimacy are maintained and transformed.

• Walle, Thomas Michael (2006). Kjønn og etnisitet. I Lorentzen, Jørgen Ludvig & Mühleisen, Wencke (Red.), Kjønnsforskning. Universitetsforlaget. ISSN 9788215007694. s. 218–238. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Walle, Thomas Michael (2004). Menns liv i Lahore, Pakistan. Babylon - Nordisk tidsskrift for Midtøstenstudier. ISSN 1503-5727. 2(1), s. 55–63. doi: 10.5617/ba.4314. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Walle, Thomas Michael (2004). Virginity vs. decency: Continuity and change in Pakistani men's perception of sexuality and women. I Chopra, Radhika; Osella, Caroline & Osella, Filippo (Red.), South Asian masculinities: context of change, sites of continuity. Kali for Women. ISSN 9788186706756. s. 94–130. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Walle, Thomas Michael (2004). Menn og maskuliniteter i en minoritetskontekst. I Fuglerud, Øivind (Red.), Andre bilder av 'de andre'. Transnasjonale liv i Norge. Pax Forlag. ISSN 9788253026893. s. 330–354. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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• Bettum, Anders; Maliniemi, Kaisa & Walle, Thomas Michael (2018). Et inkluderende museum. Kulturelt mangfold i praksis. Museumsforlaget AS. ISBN 9788283050394. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Egden, Sissel; Johansen, Dag Ole; Kullsveen, Per Erik; Pausewang, Elin A.; Walle, Thomas Michael & Wesenlund, Svein P. (1996). Hovedfagsstudentenes årbok 1996. Universitetet i Oslo. ISBN 9788290835038. 206 s. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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• Walle, Thomas Michael (2023). Et (selv)kritisk blikk på museenes arbeid med mangfold og inkludering. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Walle, Thomas Michael (2023). Ontologisk pluralisme: Mangfoldstenkning for framtiden eller tilsløring av nye maktstrukturer? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Skåden, Kristina; Jernsletten, Jorunn Ludviksen; Langnes, Mads & Walle, Thomas Michael (2023). Fra redaksjonen. Norsk museumstidsskrift. 9(1-2), s. 5–7. doi: 10.18261/mus.9.1-2.1. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Langnes, Mads; Jernsletten, Jorunn Ludviksen & Walle, Thomas Michael (2023). Fra redaksjonen. Norsk museumstidsskrift. doi: 10.18261/mus.9.1-2.1. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Walle, Thomas Michael; Koren, Elisabeth; Fojuth, Marie-Theres & Jernsletten, Jorunn Ludviksen (2022). Skeive blikk på museene. Norsk museumstidsskrift. 8(1), s. 5–6. doi: 10.18261/mus.8.1.1. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Koren, Elisabeth; Fojuth, Marie-Theres; Jernsletten, Jorunn Ludviksen & Walle, Thomas Michael (2022). Leder. Norsk museumstidsskrift. 8(2), s. 47–50. doi: 10.18261/mus.8.2.1. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Walle, Thomas Michael (2021). Det privilegerte ubehaget. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Likestilling og inkludering i kulturlivet må kombinere konkrete tiltak retta mot underrepresenterte og ekskluderte grupper, med ei sterkare ansvarleggjering av privilegerte grupper. Dette inneber mellom anna ei forplikting til å reflektere over konsekvensane av dei fordelane ein har som privilegert.

• Walle, Thomas Michael (2021). Brita Brenna og Marit Anne Hauan (red.): Kjønn på museum. Tidsskrift for kulturforskning. ISSN 1502-7473. 20(1), s. 113–115. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Walle, Thomas Michael (2021). Thomas Hylland Eriksen: Appenes planet. Hvordan smarttelefonen forandret verden. Norsk antropologisk tidsskrift. ISSN 0802-7285. 32(3-4), s. 196–199. doi: 10.18261/issn.1504-2898-2021-03-04-07. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Walle, Thomas Michael (2021). Uenighet og motstand som forutsetning for endringsarbeid i museene og kulturlivet. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Walle, Thomas Michael (2021). Det privilegerte ubehaget. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Ekman, Mattias; Walle, Thomas Michael & Koren, Elisabeth Solvang (2020). Forskingslitteraturen er rett og slett lite tilgjengelig for de som arbeider i museene. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Koren, Elisabeth Solvang; Fojuth, Marie-Theres; Jernsletten, Jorunn Ludviksen & Walle, Thomas Michael (2020). Leder. Norsk museumstidsskrift. 6(1), s. 5–6. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Walle, Thomas Michael (2020). Trygve B. Broch: A Performative Feel for the Game. How Meaningful Sports Shape Gender, Bodies, and Social Life. Norsk antropologisk tidsskrift. ISSN 0802-7285. 31(4), s. 304–307. doi: 10.18261/issn.1504-2898-2020-04-07. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Ekman, Mattias; Koren, Elisabeth & Walle, Thomas Michael (2020). Forskingslitteraturen er rett og slett lite tilgjengelig for de som arbeider i museene. s. 40–41. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Walle, Thomas Michael (2019). Aud Korbøl, med Arnfinn H. Midtbøen: Den kritiske fase. Innvandring til Norge fra Pakistan 1970-73. Norsk sosiologisk tidsskrift. 3(2), s. 156–159. doi: 10.18261/issn.2535-2512-2019-02-04. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Fojuth, Marie-Theres; Koren, Elisabeth Solvang & Walle, Thomas Michael (2019). Leder. Norsk museumstidsskrift. 5(2), s. 87–87. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Sauge, Birgitte; Koren, Elisabeth Solvang; Walle, Thomas Michael & Fojuth, Marie-Theres (2019). Leder. Norsk museumstidsskrift. 5(1), s. 5–5. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Sauge, Birgitte; Koren, Elisabeth S; Walle, Thomas Michael & Fojuth, Marie-Theres (2018). Leder. Norsk museumstidsskrift. 4(2), s. 49–50. doi: 10.18261/issn.2464-2525-2019-02-01. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Sauge, Birgitte; Koren, Elisabeth S; Walle, Thomas Michael & Øien, Cecilie (2018). Leder. Norsk museumstidsskrift. 4(1), s. 5–6. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Bettum, Anders; Maliniemi, Kaisa & Walle, Thomas Michael (2018). Et inkluderende museum. Kulturelt mangfold i praksis. I Maliniemi, Kaisa & Walle, Thomas Michael (Red.), Et inkluderende museum. Kulturelt mangfold i praksis. Museumsforlaget AS. ISSN 9788283050394. s. 9–21. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Walle, Thomas Michael; Moe, Anne Kristin & Planke, Terje (2018). Immateriell kulturarv på museum. By og Bygd. ISSN 0084-8212. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Koren, Elisabeth Solvang; Sauge, Birgitte; Walle, Thomas Michael & Fojuth, Marie-Theres (2018). Leder. Norsk museumstidsskrift. 4(2), s. 49–49. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Walle, Thomas Michael (2013). Finstemte kvinnfolk. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Walle, Thomas Michael (2010). Kjønn på museum – en undersøkelse av fire leiligheter i Wesselsgate 15. By og Bygd. ISSN 0084-8212. 42. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Walle, Thomas Michael (2008). Et flerkulturelt museum – for og om hvem? By og Bygd. ISSN 0084-8212. 41, s. 205–221. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Walle, Thomas Michael (2008). Pakistanske bryllupsskikker. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Walle, Thomas Michael (2005). Annick Prieur: Balancing act; Importance of immigrant background in Norway. Tidsskrift for samfunnsforskning (TfS). ISSN 0040-716X. 46. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Grønstad, Line Førre; Fjell, Tove Ingebjørg & Walle, Thomas Michael (2020). Fellesskap og individualitet. Kjønna etternamnsval blant norske menn i heterofile parforhold. Universitetet i Bergen. ISSN 9788230858899. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Few Norwegian men change their surnames as part of a heterosexual couple. My aim was to understand the meanings men attach to surnames in heterosexual relationships by studying four central topics in men’s surname stories – family, continuity and tradition, gender equality, and individual identity. West and Zimmerman’s perspective of doing gender with their concept of accountability guided the analysis, as well as the concept of manliness/unmanliness developed by Ekenstam and Lorentzen. The main material I analysed consisted of the responses to two qualitative questionnaires – one open for all Norwegian readers and one directed at surname changers identifying as Norwegian heterosexual males. I also interviewed male surname changers. Under the topic of family, three subthemes were connected to the nuclear family. First, surname change functioned to separate marriage from cohabitation. Second, sharing surnames helped to create the nuclear family. Third, a divorce might sever the ties between husband and wife and thus surnames might be reverted. The next three subthemes dealt with the family of origin. First, for male surname keepers the previous generations were important and meaningful. Second, the ideal of carrying on the surnames, i.e. the family names, also played a part for changers, especially if there were no (male) heirs to their wife’s name. Third, there was a potential for conflict between male changers and their fathers. Male surname change invoked associations of betrayal or breakage of a gendered duty to carry the surname on. The seventh of the family subthemes dealt with negotiations of their relationship with the nuclear and the birth families through surnames. The second main topic was continuity with the past. The understanding that tradition equals patronymy, i.e. a practice where men keep their surname, women take the name of their husband, and children get the name of their father, dominated in the narratives. Most male keepers adhered to this understanding. Male changers opposed patronymy as tradition, either because they knew of older practices or because they felt that the past should not have authority over the present. Some male changers did neither. They spoke of alternative traditions in line with gender equality, while drawing on past practices, such as the idea of sharing a family name and carrying on a name from previous generations, also through female lines. The third main topic was gender equality. The men’s narratives could be divided into four categories. The first category included male keepers who described gender equality as a woman’s right to keep her name. The second category consisted of changers and keepers. They understood surname choice as relevant for men and women, meaning both birth names could function as a shared surname. The third category consisted of some of the male changers who saw their change as a way to counter the historical and cultural discrimination of women. The fourth category was by far the largest and consisted of changers and keepers who did not touch on aspects of gender equality in their responses. For the changers and some keepers, gender equality in the naming of the nuclear family was inherent. However, most of the keepers took the practice of patronymy for granted. The fourth main topic was individual identity, where four different approaches were followed in the men’s stories. In the first approach, the connection between an individual and their name was unbreakable. In the second approach, time played a part in the connection between the individual and the name, as some changers spoke of increased ownership as time passed. In the third approach, some of the changers displayed independence from their names. They argued that they continued to be the same individual even if their name changed. In the fourth approach some of the men changed their name because of what kind of person they saw themselves as. The connection between name and individual was here reversed. These men considered themselves as individuals with certain ideals and abilities that led them to think about choice in certain ways, hence they could change their names. In sum, the men positioned themselves within each theme on two scales according to how they did accountability. The first scale was between a nuclear family orientation and an individual orientation, and the second scale was between a gender equality orientation and a patronymic orientation. In addition, I used a quantitative questionnaire to understand the extent of male surname keeping and changing in the present-day Norwegian context. The quantitative research confirmed that women and men differed in naming actions. A total of 91.2% of the men and 47.2% of the women kept their surnames, while 4.2% of the men and 46.6% of the women took that of their partner. Around 2% of both groups used a hyphen to combine their surnames.

• Walle, Thomas Michael; Archetti, Lavaisse Eduardo P & Krohn-Hansen, Christian (2010). A Passion for Cricket. Masculinity, ethnicity and diasporic spaces in Oslo. Universitetet i Oslo. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  A cricket team consisting of men who have migrated from Pakistan or are born in Norway of Pakistani born parents constitutes the ethnographic basis of the dissertation. Taking organised cricket as a vantage point, the project critically examines the relation between gender and ethnicity, and analyses how masculine ideals are manifested among a group of Pakistani men. Whereas ethnic markers are important in constituting cricket as a predominately Pakistani space, these markers take on lesser significance in the internal relations among players and spectators. Other aspects of personal identities and social positions gain more significance accordingly, and this advises us to investigate masculinity formations as they take shape and are performed within various minority groups, without seeing them as constituted in a constant state of tension with the dominant form of the majority society. To emphasise the significance of cricket in the constitution and performance of Norwegian Pakistani masculinities, is to allow the men agency and give voice to experiences that escape the hegemonic gaze. Cricket provides a site for challenging experiences of discrimination and arguing against popular images. Cricket further presents a context to analyse relations and hierarchies between men from the Pakistani community, and for the constitution, performance and challenge of “cricket masculinities” that are formed in relation between masculinity ideals in Pakistan, in Norwegian society, within the Pakistani ethnic community in Norway, and within international cricket. The men’s relations to women are also illuminated through cricket, despite women’s absence in most situations. Although the actual relations between the genders within a family may vary, the fact that men are in a position where they can give priority to cricket over other family matters conveys substantial information about structural relations between the genders. Children’s relation to the men is more multifaceted. There are three phases of children’s relation to cricket as a male preserve, from the presence of girls and boys until the age of 7-8, the general absence of older children, and the gradual inclusion of adolescent boys. This sheds light on ideas about the development of children, and also supports the view that cricket is a male activity with specific masculine values. The ethnographic material gives evidence of more care-oriented masculine practices than what is generally presented in studies of Norwegian Pakistani families, but at the same time it locates cricket at the core of the male world that make boys into men. Cricket as an activity provides belonging to something “Pakistani”, both in a local Norwegian context and in a global sense. In the dissertation, Norwegian cricket is used to discuss theories of diaspora. The argument is put forward that cricket serves to invoke diasporic sentiments among Pakistani men, and to shape an identity rooted in a geographical origin and a homing desire. Cricket was established gradually as a sport in the Oslo area from the 1970s, and was admitted as a discipline under the national Confederation of Sports in 2007. During this period a durable social network has been established, dominated by persons of Pakistani background. The dissertation shows that this network is an important resource in the everyday life, both private and in connection with work and business undertakings. In recent years a connection between cricket and politics has emerged, and for persons who aspire for ethnic leadership, cricket presents itself as a significant power base. From being an amusement for a group of labour migrants in the 1970s, cricket has developed into a contested field of social positions and political influence.

• Walle, Thomas Michael (1999). "Så god som en mann kan bli!" : maskuline idealer og mannlig praksis i Lahore, Pakistan. Universitetet i Oslo. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Feltarbeidet ble gjennomført i millionbyen Lahore, blant en gruppe velstående og velutdannede menn som jeg fulgte på en rekke sosiale arenaer. Ved å beskrive og analysere individuell mannlig praksis redegjør jeg for idealiserte forestillinger om menn i Lahore og de maskuline verdiene som støtter opp om disse forestillingene. Altså forener denne oppgaven mikro- og makronivå i samfunnet gjennom en praksisteoretisk tilnærmingsmåte. Et underliggende premiss for oppgaven er at mannen søker å bekrefte sin mannlige kjønnsidentitet gjennom å fremvise maskuline egenskaper. Menn vurderer hverandre langs et kontinuum som mer eller mindre maskulin, basert på de maskuline verdiene de uttrykker. Mine funn viser at de maskuline verdiene i Lahore er motstridende og uforenelige, noe også mine informanter er bevisste på. Disse maskuline verdiene kan grovt kategoriseres som henholdsvis 'moralske' og 'umoralske'. Det er ikke først og fremst en diskurs mellom idealiserte forestillinger om menn; mannlige aktører vil uttrykke de ulike og motstridende maskuline verdiene på forskjellige og adskilte sosiale arenaer. Jeg vil argumentere for at evnen og makten til å definere de relevante maskuline verdiene i en gitt kontekst står sentralt i konkurransen mellom menn. Mitt materiale viser at homoseksualitet fremstår som antitesen til det å være mann, og gjennom verbal feminisering av andre menn brukes forestillinger om homoseksualitet som et ledd i prestisjekampen mellom menn. Videre diskuterer jeg mannlig kjønnsidentitet i Lahore i forhold til teorier om hegemonisk maskulinitet og undersøke hvorvidt dette er et fruktbart perspektiv. Mannens relasjon til kvinner og mannens vurdering av kvinner er et sentralt aspekt ved oppgaven. I motsetning til menn, vurderes kvinner dikotomt som enten anstendig eller uanstendig på bakgrunn av oppfatninger om deres moralske karakter. Jeg viser at mannens kategorisering av kvinner, som er avgjørende for hvorvidt hun oppfattes som anstendig eller uanstendig, må forstås utfra mannens seksuelle intensjoner. Det er en ambivalens i kategoriseringen av kvinner som fører til at kvinner lett ender opp som 'uanstendige', selv om både kvinnen og mannens utgangspunkt er at hun er anstendig. I dette ligger det klare signaler om mannens dominans i kjønnssystemet. Jeg foretar en sammenligning mellom to ulike institusjoner: ekteskapet, som den sentrale samfunnsenheten på den ene siden, og det illegitime kjærlighetsforholdet på den andre siden. Her viser jeg hvordan forestillinger om romantisk kjærlighet blir sett på som negativt og problematisk, samtidig som det eksisterer en kulturell tradisjon som fremstiller slik kjærlighet som noe positivt og vakkert. På bakgrunn av dette plasserer jeg det såkalte 'kjærlighetsekteskapet' i forhold til henholdsvis hegemonisk maskulinitet og kvinneidealet i Lahore.

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